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regina::MarkedAbelianGroup Class Reference

Represents a finitely generated abelian group given by a chain complex. More...

#include <algebra/markedabeliangroup.h>

Inheritance diagram for regina::MarkedAbelianGroup:
regina::ShortOutput< MarkedAbelianGroup, true > regina::Output< MarkedAbelianGroup, supportsUtf8 >

Public Member Functions

 MarkedAbelianGroup (const MatrixInt &M, const MatrixInt &N)
 Creates a marked abelian group from a chain complex. More...
 
 MarkedAbelianGroup (const MatrixInt &M, const MatrixInt &N, const Integer &pcoeff)
 Creates a marked abelian group from a chain complex with coefficients in Z_p. More...
 
 MarkedAbelianGroup (unsigned long rk, const Integer &p)
 Creates a free Z_p-module of a given rank using the direct sum of the standard chain complex 0 –> Z –p–> Z –> 0. More...
 
 MarkedAbelianGroup (const MarkedAbelianGroup &cloneMe)
 Creates a clone of the given group. More...
 
bool isChainComplex () const
 Determines whether or not the defining maps for this group actually give a chain complex. More...
 
unsigned long rank () const
 Returns the rank of the group. More...
 
unsigned long torsionRank (const Integer &degree) const
 Returns the rank in the group of the torsion term of given degree. More...
 
unsigned long torsionRank (unsigned long degree) const
 Returns the rank in the group of the torsion term of given degree. More...
 
size_t countInvariantFactors () const
 Returns the number of invariant factors that describe the torsion elements of this group. More...
 
unsigned long minNumberOfGenerators () const
 Returns the minimum number of generators for the group. More...
 
const IntegerinvariantFactor (size_t index) const
 Returns the given invariant factor describing the torsion elements of this group. More...
 
bool isTrivial () const
 Determines whether this is the trivial (zero) group. More...
 
bool isZ () const
 Determines whether this is the infinite cyclic group (Z). More...
 
REGINA_INLINE_REQUIRED bool isIsomorphicTo (const MarkedAbelianGroup &other) const
 Determines whether this and the given abelian group are isomorphic. More...
 
bool equalTo (const MarkedAbelianGroup &other) const
 Determines whether or not the two MarkedAbelianGroups are identical, which means they have exactly the same presentation matrices. More...
 
void writeTextShort (std::ostream &out, bool utf8=false) const
 The text representation will be of the form 3 Z + 4 Z_2 + Z_120. More...
 
std::vector< IntegerfreeRep (unsigned long index) const
 Returns the requested free generator in the original chain complex defining the group. More...
 
std::vector< IntegertorsionRep (unsigned long index) const
 Returns the requested generator of the torsion subgroup but represented in the original chain complex defining the group. More...
 
std::vector< IntegerccRep (const std::vector< Integer > &SNFRep) const
 A combination of freeRep and torsionRep, this routine takes a vector which represents an element in the group in the SNF coordinates and returns a corresponding vector in the original chain complex. More...
 
std::vector< IntegerccRep (unsigned long SNFRep) const
 Same as ccRep(const std::vector<Integer>&), but we assume you only want the chain complex representation of a standard basis vector from SNF coordinates. More...
 
std::vector< IntegercycleProjection (const std::vector< Integer > &ccelt) const
 Projects an element of the chain complex to the subspace of cycles. More...
 
std::vector< IntegercycleProjection (unsigned long ccindx) const
 Projects an element of the chain complex to the subspace of cycles. More...
 
bool isCycle (const std::vector< Integer > &input) const
 Given a vector, determines if it represents a cycle in the chain complex. More...
 
std::vector< IntegerboundaryMap (const std::vector< Integer > &CCrep) const
 Computes the differential of the given vector in the chain complex whose kernel is the cycles. More...
 
bool isBoundary (const std::vector< Integer > &input) const
 Given a vector, determines if it represents a boundary in the chain complex. More...
 
std::vector< IntegerwriteAsBoundary (const std::vector< Integer > &input) const
 Expresses the given vector as a boundary in the chain complex (if the vector is indeed a boundary at all). More...
 
unsigned long rankCC () const
 Returns the rank of the chain complex supporting the homology computation. More...
 
std::vector< IntegersnfRep (const std::vector< Integer > &v) const
 Expresses the given vector as a combination of free and torsion generators. More...
 
unsigned long minNumberCycleGens () const
 Returns the number of generators of ker(M), where M is one of the defining matrices of the chain complex. More...
 
std::vector< IntegercycleGen (unsigned long i) const
 Returns the ith generator of the cycles, i.e., the kernel of M in the chain complex. More...
 
const MatrixIntM () const
 Returns the ‘right’ matrix used in defining the chain complex. More...
 
const MatrixIntN () const
 Returns the ‘left’ matrix used in defining the chain complex. More...
 
const Integercoefficients () const
 Returns the coefficients used for the computation of homology. More...
 
std::unique_ptr< MarkedAbelianGrouptorsionSubgroup () const
 Returns a MarkedAbelianGroup representing the torsion subgroup of this group. More...
 
std::unique_ptr< HomMarkedAbelianGrouptorsionInclusion () const
 Returns a HomMarkedAbelianGroup representing the inclusion of the torsion subgroup into this group. More...
 
MarkedAbelianGroupoperator= (const MarkedAbelianGroup &)=delete
 
void writeTextLong (std::ostream &out) const
 
A default implementation for detailed output. More...
 
std::string str () const
 
Returns a short text representation of this object. More...
 
std::string utf8 () const
 Returns a short text representation of this object using unicode characters. More...
 
std::string detail () const
 Returns a detailed text representation of this object. More...
 

Friends

class HomMarkedAbelianGroup
 

Detailed Description

Represents a finitely generated abelian group given by a chain complex.

This class is initialized with a chain complex. The chain complex is given in terms of two integer matrices M and N such that M*N=0. The abelian group is the kernel of M mod the image of N.

In other words, we are computing the homology of the chain complex Z^a –N–> Z^b –M–> Z^c where a=N.columns(), M.columns()=b=N.rows(), and c=M.rows(). An additional constructor allows one to take the homology with coefficients in an arbitrary cyclic group.

This class allows one to retrieve the invariant factors, the rank, and the corresponding vectors in the kernel of M. Moreover, given a vector in the kernel of M, it decribes the homology class of the vector (the free part, and its position in the invariant factors).

The purpose of this class is to allow one to not only represent homology groups, but it gives coordinates on the group allowing for the construction of homomorphisms, and keeping track of subgroups.

Some routines in this class refer to the internal presentation matrix. This is a proper presentation matrix for the abelian group, and is created by constructing the product MRBi() * N, and then removing the first rankM() rows.

Author
Ryan Budney
Todo:

Optimise (long-term): Look at using sparse matrices for storage of SNF and the like.

Testsuite additions: isBoundary(), boundaryMap(), writeAsBdry(), cycleGen().

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ MarkedAbelianGroup() [1/4]

regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::MarkedAbelianGroup ( const MatrixInt M,
const MatrixInt N 
)

Creates a marked abelian group from a chain complex.

This constructor assumes you're interested in homology with integer coefficents of the chain complex. Creates a marked abelian group given by the quotient of the kernel of M modulo the image of N.

See the class notes for further details.

Precondition
M.columns() = N.rows().
The product M*N = 0.
Parameters
Mthe ‘right’ matrix in the chain complex; that is, the matrix that one takes the kernel of when computing homology.
Nthe ‘left’ matrix in the chain complex; that is, the matrix that one takes the image of when computing homology.

◆ MarkedAbelianGroup() [2/4]

regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::MarkedAbelianGroup ( const MatrixInt M,
const MatrixInt N,
const Integer pcoeff 
)

Creates a marked abelian group from a chain complex with coefficients in Z_p.

Precondition
M.columns() = N.rows().
The product M*N = 0.
Parameters
Mthe ‘right’ matrix in the chain complex; that is, the matrix that one takes the kernel of when computing homology.
Nthe ‘left’ matrix in the chain complex; that is, the matrix that one takes the image of when computing homology.
pcoeffspecifies the coefficient ring, Z_pcoeff. We require pcoeff >= 0. If you know beforehand that pcoeff=0, it's more efficient to use the previous constructor.

◆ MarkedAbelianGroup() [3/4]

regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::MarkedAbelianGroup ( unsigned long  rk,
const Integer p 
)

Creates a free Z_p-module of a given rank using the direct sum of the standard chain complex 0 –> Z –p–> Z –> 0.

So this group is isomorphic to n Z_p. Moreover, if constructed using the previous constructor, M would be zero and N would be diagonal and square with p down the diagonal.

Parameters
rkthe rank of the group as a Z_p-module. That is, if the group is n Z_p, then rk should be n.
pdescribes the type of ring that we use to talk about the "free" module.

◆ MarkedAbelianGroup() [4/4]

regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::MarkedAbelianGroup ( const MarkedAbelianGroup cloneMe)
inline

Creates a clone of the given group.

Parameters
cloneMethe group to clone.

Member Function Documentation

◆ boundaryMap()

std::vector<Integer> regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::boundaryMap ( const std::vector< Integer > &  CCrep) const

Computes the differential of the given vector in the chain complex whose kernel is the cycles.

In other words, this routine returns M*CCrep.

Parameters
CCrepa vector whose length is M.columns(), where M is one of the matrices that defines the chain complex (see the class notes for details).
Returns
the differential, expressed as a vector of length M.rows().

◆ ccRep() [1/2]

std::vector<Integer> regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::ccRep ( const std::vector< Integer > &  SNFRep) const

A combination of freeRep and torsionRep, this routine takes a vector which represents an element in the group in the SNF coordinates and returns a corresponding vector in the original chain complex.

This routine is the inverse to snfRep() described below.

Warning
The return value may change from version to version of Regina, since it depends on the choice of Smith normal form.
Parameters
SNFRepa vector of size the number of generators of the group, i.e., it must be valid in the SNF coordinates. If not, an empty vector is returned.
Returns
a corresponding vector whose length is M.columns(), where M is one of the matrices that defines the chain complex; see the class notes for details.

◆ ccRep() [2/2]

std::vector<Integer> regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::ccRep ( unsigned long  SNFRep) const

Same as ccRep(const std::vector<Integer>&), but we assume you only want the chain complex representation of a standard basis vector from SNF coordinates.

Warning
The return value may change from version to version of Regina, since it depends on the choice of Smith normal form.
Parameters
SNFRepspecifies which standard basis vector from SNF coordinates; this must be between 0 and minNumberOfGenerators()-1 inclusive.
Returns
a corresponding vector whose length is M.columns(), where M is one of the matrices that defines the chain complex; see the class notes for details.

◆ coefficients()

const Integer & regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::coefficients ( ) const
inline

Returns the coefficients used for the computation of homology.

That is, this routine returns the integer p where we use coefficients in Z_p. If we use coefficients in the integers Z, then this routine returns 0.

Returns
the coefficients used in the homology calculation.

◆ countInvariantFactors()

size_t regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::countInvariantFactors ( ) const
inline

Returns the number of invariant factors that describe the torsion elements of this group.

This is the minimal number of torsion generators. See the MarkedAbelianGroup class notes for further details.

Returns
the number of invariant factors.

◆ cycleGen()

std::vector<Integer> regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::cycleGen ( unsigned long  i) const

Returns the ith generator of the cycles, i.e., the kernel of M in the chain complex.

Warning
The return value may change from version to version of Regina, as it depends on the choice of Smith normal form.
Parameters
ibetween 0 and minNumCycleGens()-1.
Returns
the corresponding generator in chain complex coordinates.

◆ cycleProjection() [1/2]

std::vector<Integer> regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::cycleProjection ( const std::vector< Integer > &  ccelt) const

Projects an element of the chain complex to the subspace of cycles.

Returns an empty vector if the input element does not have dimensions of the chain complex.

Warning
The return value may change from version to version of Regina, since it depends on the choice of Smith normal form.
Parameters
ccelta vector whose length is M.columns(), where M is one of the matrices that defines the chain complex (see the class notes for details).
Returns
a corresponding vector, also in the chain complex coordinates.

◆ cycleProjection() [2/2]

std::vector<Integer> regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::cycleProjection ( unsigned long  ccindx) const

Projects an element of the chain complex to the subspace of cycles.

Returns an empty vector if the input index is out of bounds.

Warning
The return value may change from version to version of Regina, since it depends on the choice of Smith normal form.
Parameters
ccindxthe index of the standard basis vector in chain complex coordinates.
Returns
the resulting projection, in the chain complex coordinates.

◆ detail()

std::string regina::Output< MarkedAbelianGroup , supportsUtf8 >::detail ( ) const
inherited

Returns a detailed text representation of this object.

This text may span many lines, and should provide the user with all the information they could want. It should be human-readable, should not contain extremely long lines (which cause problems for users reading the output in a terminal), and should end with a final newline. There are no restrictions on the underlying character set.

Returns
a detailed text representation of this object.

◆ equalTo()

bool regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::equalTo ( const MarkedAbelianGroup other) const
inline

Determines whether or not the two MarkedAbelianGroups are identical, which means they have exactly the same presentation matrices.

This is useful for determining if two HomMarkedAbelianGroups are composable. See isIsomorphicTo() if all you care about is the isomorphism relation among groups defined by presentation matrices.

Parameters
otherthe MarkedAbelianGroup with which this should be compared.
Returns
true if and only if the two groups have identical chain-complex definitions.

◆ freeRep()

std::vector<Integer> regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::freeRep ( unsigned long  index) const

Returns the requested free generator in the original chain complex defining the group.

As described in the class overview, this marked abelian group is defined by matrices M and N where M*N = 0. If M is an m by l matrix and N is an l by n matrix, then this routine returns the (index)th free generator of ker(M)/img(N) in Z^l.

Warning
The return value may change from version to version of Regina, since it depends on the choice of Smith normal form.
Parameters
indexspecifies which free generator to look up; this must be between 0 and rank()-1 inclusive.
Returns
the coordinates of the free generator in the nullspace of M; this vector will have length M.columns() (or equivalently, N.rows()). If this generator does not exist, you will receive an empty vector.

◆ invariantFactor()

const Integer & regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::invariantFactor ( size_t  index) const
inline

Returns the given invariant factor describing the torsion elements of this group.

See the MarkedAbelianGroup class notes for further details.

If the invariant factors are d0|d1|...|dn, this routine will return di where i is the value of parameter index.

Parameters
indexthe index of the invariant factor to return; this must be between 0 and countInvariantFactors()-1 inclusive.
Returns
the requested invariant factor.

◆ isBoundary()

bool regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::isBoundary ( const std::vector< Integer > &  input) const

Given a vector, determines if it represents a boundary in the chain complex.

Parameters
inputa vector whose length is M.columns(), where M is one of the matrices that defines the chain complex (see the class notes for details).
Returns
true if and only if the given vector represents a boundary.

◆ isChainComplex()

bool regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::isChainComplex ( ) const

Determines whether or not the defining maps for this group actually give a chain complex.

This is helpful for debugging.

Specifically, this routine returns true if and only if M*N = 0 where M and N are the definining matrices.

Returns
true if and only if M*N = 0.

◆ isCycle()

bool regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::isCycle ( const std::vector< Integer > &  input) const

Given a vector, determines if it represents a cycle in the chain complex.

Parameters
inputan input vector in chain complex coordinates.
Returns
true if and only if the given vector represents a cycle.

◆ isIsomorphicTo()

bool regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::isIsomorphicTo ( const MarkedAbelianGroup other) const
inline

Determines whether this and the given abelian group are isomorphic.

Parameters
otherthe group with which this should be compared.
Returns
true if and only if the two groups are isomorphic.

◆ isTrivial()

bool regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::isTrivial ( ) const
inline

Determines whether this is the trivial (zero) group.

Returns
true if and only if this is the trivial group.

◆ isZ()

bool regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::isZ ( ) const
inline

Determines whether this is the infinite cyclic group (Z).

Returns
true if and only if this is the infinite cyclic group.

◆ M()

const MatrixInt & regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::M ( ) const
inline

Returns the ‘right’ matrix used in defining the chain complex.

Our group was defined as the kernel of M mod the image of N. This is the matrix M.

This is a copy of the matrix M that was originally passed to the class constructor. See the class overview for further details on matrices M and N and their roles in defining the chain complex.

Returns
a reference to the defining matrix M.

◆ minNumberCycleGens()

unsigned long regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::minNumberCycleGens ( ) const
inline

Returns the number of generators of ker(M), where M is one of the defining matrices of the chain complex.

Returns
the number of generators of ker(M).

◆ minNumberOfGenerators()

unsigned long regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::minNumberOfGenerators ( ) const
inline

Returns the minimum number of generators for the group.

Returns
the minimum number of generators.

◆ N()

const MatrixInt & regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::N ( ) const
inline

Returns the ‘left’ matrix used in defining the chain complex.

Our group was defined as the kernel of M mod the image of N. This is the matrix N.

This is a copy of the matrix N that was originally passed to the class constructor. See the class overview for further details on matrices M and N and their roles in defining the chain complex.

Returns
a reference to the defining matrix N.

◆ rank()

unsigned long regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::rank ( ) const
inline

Returns the rank of the group.

This is the number of included copies of Z.

Returns
the rank of the group.

◆ rankCC()

unsigned long regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::rankCC ( ) const
inline

Returns the rank of the chain complex supporting the homology computation.

In the description of this class, this is also given by M.columns() and N.rows() from the constructor that takes as input two matrices, M and N.

Returns
the rank of the chain complex.

◆ snfRep()

std::vector<Integer> regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::snfRep ( const std::vector< Integer > &  v) const

Expresses the given vector as a combination of free and torsion generators.

This answer is coordinate dependant, meaning the answer may change depending on how the Smith Normal Form is computed.

Recall that this marked abelian was defined by matrices M and N with M*N=0; suppose that M is an m by l matrix and N is an l by n matrix. This abelian group is then the quotient ker(M)/img(N) in Z^l.

When it is constructed, this group is computed to be isomorphic to some Z_{d0} + ... + Z_{dk} + Z^d, where:

  • d is the number of free generators, as returned by rank();
  • d1, ..., dk are the invariant factors that describe the torsion elements of the group, where 1 < d1 | d2 | ... | dk.

This routine takes a single argument v, which must be a vector in Z^l.

If v belongs to ker(M), this routine describes how it projects onto the group ker(M)/img(N). Specifically, it returns a vector of length d + k, where:

  • The first k elements describe the projection of v to the torsion component Z_{d1} + ... + Z_{dk}. These elements are returned as non-negative integers modulo d1, ..., dk respectively.
  • The remaining d elements describe the projection of v to the free component Z^d.

In other words, suppose v belongs to ker(M) and snfRep(v) returns the vector (b1, ..., bk, a1, ..., ad). Suppose furthermore that the free generators returned by freeRep(0..(d-1)) are f1, ..., fd respectively, and that the torsion generators returned by torsionRep(0..(k-1)) are t1, ..., tk respectively. Then v = b1.t1 + ... + bk.tk + a1.f1 + ... + ad.fd modulo img(N).

If v does not belong to ker(M), this routine simply returns the empty vector.

Warning
The return value may change from version to version of Regina, as it depends on the choice of Smith normal form.
Precondition
Vector v has length M.columns(), or equivalently N.rows().
Parameters
va vector of length M.columns(). M.columns() is also rankCC().
Returns
a vector that describes v in the standard Z_{d1} + ... + Z_{dk} + Z^d form, or the empty vector if v is not in the kernel of M. k+d is equal to minNumberOfGenerators().

◆ str()

std::string regina::Output< MarkedAbelianGroup , supportsUtf8 >::str ( ) const
inherited


Returns a short text representation of this object.

This text should be human-readable, should fit on a single line, and should not end with a newline. Where possible, it should use plain ASCII characters.

Python
In addition to str(), this is also used as the Python "stringification" function __str__().
Returns
a short text representation of this object.

◆ torsionInclusion()

std::unique_ptr<HomMarkedAbelianGroup> regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::torsionInclusion ( ) const

Returns a HomMarkedAbelianGroup representing the inclusion of the torsion subgroup into this group.

◆ torsionRank() [1/2]

unsigned long regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::torsionRank ( const Integer degree) const

Returns the rank in the group of the torsion term of given degree.

If the given degree is d, this routine will return the largest m for which mZ_d is a subgroup of this group.

For instance, if this group is Z_6+Z_12, the torsion term of degree 2 has rank 2 (one occurrence in Z_6 and one in Z_12), and the torsion term of degree 4 has rank 1 (one occurrence in Z_12).

Precondition
The given degree is at least 2.
Parameters
degreethe degree of the torsion term to query.
Returns
the rank in the group of the given torsion term.

◆ torsionRank() [2/2]

unsigned long regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::torsionRank ( unsigned long  degree) const
inline

Returns the rank in the group of the torsion term of given degree.

If the given degree is d, this routine will return the largest m for which mZ_d is a subgroup of this group.

For instance, if this group is Z_6+Z_12, the torsion term of degree 2 has rank 2 (one occurrence in Z_6 and one in Z_12), and the torsion term of degree 4 has rank 1 (one occurrence in Z_12).

Precondition
The given degree is at least 2.
Parameters
degreethe degree of the torsion term to query.
Returns
the rank in the group of the given torsion term.

◆ torsionRep()

std::vector<Integer> regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::torsionRep ( unsigned long  index) const

Returns the requested generator of the torsion subgroup but represented in the original chain complex defining the group.

As described in the class overview, this marked abelian group is defined by matrices M and N where M*N = 0. If M is an m by l matrix and N is an l by n matrix, then this routine returns the (index)th torsion generator of ker(M)/img(N) in Z^l.

Warning
The return value may change from version to version of Regina, since it depends on the choice of Smith normal form.
Parameters
indexspecifies which generator in the torsion subgroup; this must be at least 0 and strictly less than the number of non-trivial invariant factors. If not, you receive an empty vector.
Returns
the coordinates of the generator in the nullspace of M; this vector will have length M.columns() (or equivalently, N.rows()).

◆ torsionSubgroup()

std::unique_ptr<MarkedAbelianGroup> regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::torsionSubgroup ( ) const

Returns a MarkedAbelianGroup representing the torsion subgroup of this group.

◆ utf8()

std::string regina::Output< MarkedAbelianGroup , supportsUtf8 >::utf8 ( ) const
inherited

Returns a short text representation of this object using unicode characters.

Like str(), this text should be human-readable, should fit on a single line, and should not end with a newline. In addition, it may use unicode characters to make the output more pleasant to read. This string will be encoded in UTF-8.

Returns
a short text representation of this object.

◆ writeAsBoundary()

std::vector<Integer> regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::writeAsBoundary ( const std::vector< Integer > &  input) const

Expresses the given vector as a boundary in the chain complex (if the vector is indeed a boundary at all).

This routine uses chain complex coordinates for both the input and the return value.

Warning
If you're using mod-p coefficients and if your element projects to a non-trivial element of TOR, then Nv != input as elements of TOR aren't in the image of N. In this case, input-Nv represents the projection to TOR.
The return value may change from version to version of Regina, since it depends on the choice of Smith normal form.
Returns
a length zero vector if the input is not a boundary; otherwise a vector v such that Nv=input.

◆ writeTextLong()

void regina::ShortOutput< MarkedAbelianGroup , supportsUtf8 >::writeTextLong ( std::ostream &  out) const
inlineinherited


A default implementation for detailed output.

This routine simply calls T::writeTextShort() and appends a final newline.

Python
Not present.
Parameters
outthe output stream to which to write.

◆ writeTextShort()

void regina::MarkedAbelianGroup::writeTextShort ( std::ostream &  out,
bool  utf8 = false 
) const

The text representation will be of the form 3 Z + 4 Z_2 + Z_120.

The torsion elements will be written in terms of the invariant factors of the group, as described in the MarkedAbelianGroup notes.

Parameters
outthe stream to write to.
utf8if true, then richer unicode characters will be used to make the output more pleasant to read. In particular, the output will use subscript digits and the blackboard bold Z.

The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:

Copyright © 1999-2021, The Regina development team
This software is released under the GNU General Public License, with some additional permissions; see the source code for details.
For further information, or to submit a bug or other problem, please contact Ben Burton (bab@maths.uq.edu.au).